It is imperative to know what kind of mushroom you are consuming before you consume it. If you are unsure, do not take them or consult a mycologist or someone who is familiar with varieties ad types of mushrooms. When done as safely as possible, adverse effects are few and far between: 77 per cent of GDS 2021 respondents who had microdosed psilocybin reported no undesired or adverse effects. Of those who did, 35 per cent believe it was because their dose was too high. COURT OF APPEALS OF WISCONSIN PUBLISHED OPINION" (PDF). wicourts.gov. June 21, 2007 . Retrieved January 4, 2023. Psilocybin and psilocin are listed as Schedule I drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. [26] However, mushrooms containing psilocybin and psilocin are not illegal in some parts of the world. For example, in Brazil they are legal, but extractions from the mushroom containing psilocybin and psilocin remain illegal. In the United States, growing or possessing Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms is illegal in all states, but it is legal to possess and buy the spores for microscopy purposes. However, as of May 8, 2019 Denver, Colorado has decriminalized it for those 21 and up. On June 4, 2019, Oakland, California followed suit, decriminalizing psilocybin-containing mushrooms as well as the Peyote cactus. [27] On January 29, 2020, Santa Cruz, California decriminalized naturally-occurring psychedelics, including psilocybin mushrooms. [28] On November 3, 2020, the state of Oregon decriminalized possession of psilocybin mushrooms for recreational use and granted licensed practitioners permission to administer psilocybin mushrooms to individuals age 21 years and older. [29] [30] He wrote this book as a guide to the short and long-term effects of psychedelics on their following use:

Setting refers to your environment. Common effects of psilocybin can range from visual distortions and hallucinations to deep-diving into one’s mind or personality. The substance seems to make the brain open to all and any sensory experience during the trip. This means if you are in a loud, crowded, unfamiliar or otherwise uncomfortable environment it is very likely to lead to a bad trip, even if you begin with a positive mindset. The small and potent liberty cap mushroom ( Psilocybe semilanceata) is probably the most common and widespread species found in Europe. Other species occur in the wild, and Psilocybe cubensis is cultivated indoors.We live in a time where psychedelic research has a breakthrough in various fields. These include the areas of science, medicine, and law. Psilocybin mushrooms have been [ when?] and continue to be used in indigenous South American cultures in religious, divinatory, or spiritual contexts. [1] [ failed verification] Early [ edit ] Pre-Columbian mushroom stones There are also many different types of psilocybin mushrooms. Some are weaker in effect and some are stronger — even mistaking a strong variety for a weak one can have unintended consequences by making a trip more intense than anticipated. Psilocin temporarily disables one or more of the DMN’s ‘connector hubs’. This temporary shutdown of our brain’s main information highway means the brain cannot connect with the different parts of itself like it usually does, and is instead forced to connect in ways it does not usually. This means the brain starts communicating with parts of itself it doesn’t normally ‘ talk’ to, which means the brain creates new connections while under the influence of psilocin. a b Guzmán, G.; Allen, J.W.; Gartz, J. (2000). "A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion" (PDF). Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto: Sezione Archeologia, Storia, Scienze Naturali. 14: 189–280. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2018 . Retrieved April 5, 2022.

Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment: A 34-Year Follow-Up Study". Bulletin of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. 9 (4): 10–18. 1999. Archived from the original on March 23, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021. Allen, J.W. (1997). Magic Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: Raver Books and John W. Allen. ISBN 978-1-58214-026-1. Regardless of whether you consider yourself a psychedelic novice or a seasoned veteran, the most important thing one can do to ensure their physical and mental safety, is to research, research, research…and then research some more. You don’t have to look far to find horror story after horror story about zealous psychonauts who failed to do their research and paid the price for their ignorance and arrogance.

What are Psilocybin Mushrooms?

Psychedelics have long been a topic of interest among many for their strong mood- and perception-altering effects. They encompass both synthetically formulated and plant-derived substances like LSD, MDMA, psilocybin, ayahuasca, and peyote. These same substances are also classified as illegal for the majority of this country, and they have been the subject of much political debate since the beginning of the American war on drugs in the early ’70s. Chilton, Scott; Bigwood, Jeremy (1979). "Chilton, W. Scott, Jeremy Bigwood, and Robert E. Jensen. "Psilocin, bufotenine, and serotonin: historical and biosynthetic observations". Journal of Psychedelic Drugs. 11.1 (2): 61–69. doi: 10.1080/02791072.1979.10472093. PMID 392119. Magic mushrooms can also come in powdered form; sold as capsules or as the powder itself. The dangers of purchasing/receiving psilocybin in this form are greater than the fresh or dried variety. It is far easier to add adulterants to powder which greatly increases the dangers of substances of unknown origin, quality and quantity being mixed into what you believe is pure psilocybin powder. In a 2000 review on the worldwide distribution of psilocybin mushrooms, Gastón Guzmán and colleagues considered these distributed among the following genera: Psilocybe (116species), Gymnopilus (14), Panaeolus (13), Copelandia (12), Pluteus (6) Inocybe (6), Pholiotina (4) and Galerina (1). [17] [18] Guzmán increased his estimate of the number of psilocybin-containing Psilocybe to 144 species in a 2005 review. Erowid (2006). "Erowid Psilocybin Mushroom Vault: Dosage" (shtml). Erowid . Retrieved November 26, 2006.

Known in the UK as Liberty Caps, or simply Libs, psilocybe semilanceata is the most well-known and common magic mushroom found in the UK – and many other countries. Wasson, G.R. (1980). The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-068443-0. Teichert A, Lübken T, Schmidt J, Kuhnt C, Huth M, Porzel A, Wessjohann L, Arnold N (2008). "Determination of beta-carboline alkaloids in fruiting bodies of Hygrophorus spp. by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry". Phytochemical Analysis. 19 (4): 335–41. doi: 10.1002/pca.1057. PMID 18401852. Neurotoxicity-induced fatal events are uncommon with psilocybin mushroom overdose, as most patients admitted to critical care are released from the department only requiring moderate treatment. [48] However, fatal events related to emotional distress and trip-induced psychosis can occur as a result of over-consumption of psilocybin mushrooms. In 2003, a 27-year-old man was found dead in an irrigation canal due to hypothermia. In his bedroom was found two cultivation pots of psilocybin mushrooms, but no report of toxicology was made. [49] Clinical research [ edit ]Monaghan, John D.; Cohen, Jeffrey H. (2000). "Thirty years of Oaxacan ethnography". In Monaghan, John; Edmonson, Barbara (eds.). Ethnology. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-292-70881-5.